A Short Course in the Unified Field Theory

John A. Gowan 

(Revised June 2014)

Links

email:
jag8@cornell.edu 
johngowan@earthlink.net

        

 

The conceptual basis of the Unified Field Theory as presented in these pages is summarized below:

Abstract

The Cosmos begins with a (very) high energy form of free electromagnetic energy: light. Light is the purest, simplest, and most symmetric energy form known (massless, timeless, chargeless). But - evidently there is no "sufficient reason" to prevent this - light also exists in the alternative form of symmetric particle-antiparticle pairs, which usually simply annihilate, reverting to light. Sometimes, however, (during the "Big Bang"), instead of annihilating, light's alternative form of symmetric particle-antiparticle pairs is converted (through weak-force symmetry-breaking), into asymmetric single particles of bound electromagnetic energy, eventually producing atomic matter. Our Universe is a grossly asymmetric "matter-only" Universe (lacking its original balancing antimatter complement), for which there are numerous serious physical conservation consequences (including time, mass, gravity, and various charges), all acting to conserve energy/symmetry and return matter to its original symmetric energy state - light.

Atomic matter is an asymmetric, bound, massive, and temporally (historically) conserved form of light (as demonstrated by antimatter annihilation). In matter, light's raw energy is conserved as mass and momentum; light's symmetry is conserved as charge and spin; light's spatial entropy drive (intrinsic motion) is conserved as matter's historic entropy drive (intrinsic motion); light's spatial continuity is conserved as matter's historical causality. Gravity converts light's spatial entropic domain into matter's temporal entropic domain, and vice versa (gravity creates time from space and vice-versa). Energy Conservation, Symmetry Conservation, Entropy, and Causality/Information are the four principle conservation parameters of the "Tetrahedron Model", and constitute the foundations of natural or physical law which underlie and support the Unified Field Theory of the four physical forces. (See: "The 'Tetrahedron Model' of the Unified Field Theory"). Identifying the broken symmetries of light associated with each of the 4 charges and forces of physics is the first step toward a conceptual unification. The requirement of primordial symmetry-breaking (creating matter from light)  followed by the maintenance of charge invariance (producing the phenomena of Òlocal gauge symmetryÓ), are also key conceptual elements.

In this paper I explore the connections between of the four physical forces, with special emphasis upon their symmetry relations under the unifying mantle of Noether's symmetry conservation theorem - which I paraphrase as: "The charges of matter are symmetry debts of light". The particles of matter bear light's symmetry debts as charges; these charges produce forces which act to spontaneously return the asymmetric massive system of matter to its symmetric massless origin as light (through such reactions as particle-antiparticle annihilations; various astrophysical processes converting bound to free energy (in stars, supernovas, quasars, etc.); Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes, and "proton decay"). "Information" and the carbon atom provide connecting links between Life and the abiotic universe. "Given" or "underived" physical constants are presumed to originate in the "Multiverse". The enduring mystery of the Universe is not in physics but in biology: how do we get from mud to Man? From the Periodic Table of the Elements to Beethoven's Ninth Symphony? From the Galaxies to art, science, and philosophy? In some form, the information must be in the atoms from the beginning, or it could not be there at the end.
(Abstract revised Oct. 2016.)

See: the "Tetrahedron Model" (simple version) (diagram)

The Tetrahedron Model (complete version) (diagram)


What we see is not Nature, but Nature exposed to our method of questioning - W. C. Heisenberg

        

Table of Contents:

 

       Abstract

       Introduction

       The Tetrahedron Model

       The Conservation and Invariance of Charge

       Symmetry-Breaking

       Charge Now Ð Pay Later

       Causality

       Gravity and Time

       Summary

       Symmetry Debts of the Four forces

       Links

 

Introduction

     Our universe consists of a mixture of free and bound electromagnetic energy (light and matter), set in gravitational spacetime, governed and regulated by various conservation laws and forces which determine both its origin and destiny. This paper is an abbreviated discussion of our physical system, its evolution and laws, and how they are integrated into what is known as the Unified Field Theory. This paper is not intended to stand alone. For an in-depth discussion of the many concepts surveyed in this article, the reader must see the supporting papers referenced on my website. I am trying to reach a qualitative conceptual unification only (not a quantitative mathematical unification), and I will employ an evolutionary and a General Systems approach to the subject. I am generally more interested in why the universe is as we find it, in terms of conservation laws, rather than the mathematical details (the how) of its working Ð both because others are (much!) better than I at the math, and these days it is mostly the why which remains mysterious. Of course, as we will see, the why and the how are usually intertwined.

 

     Any manifest universe must be capable of  symmetry-breaking plus complete self-conservation Ð that is, able to escape its symmetric beginning, but also able to recycle itself, returning to its origin under its own power, initiative, and self-contained conservation principles Ð as a boomerang returns to the hand that throws it. Thus we find that matter is actually a bound form of light, enabling the material universe - which originates as light - to return to light (free vs bound electromagnetic energy). This is also why the four forces Ð which constitute a final pathway for matter back to light Ð must also be the initial pathway which leads from light to matter. (See: ÒThe Higgs Boson and the Evolutionary Eras of the CosmosÓ.)

 

The Tetrahedron Model

The Four Conservation Principles governing the transformation of light into matter and vice versa (See: ÒThe Tetrahedron ModelÓ):

1) Energy Conservation: conservation of raw energy. Energy may be transformed but neither created nor destroyed. In the ÒBig BangÓ the raw energy of light (free electromagnetic energy) is transformed to the raw energy of matter and kinetic energy (ÒmassÓ -- bound electromagnetic energy): hv = mcc (DeBroglieÕs equation).

2) Entropy:  c, G, T Ð intrinsic motion of light, gravity, and time. The dimensions are energy conservation domains created by the primordial entropy drives (intrinsic motions) of free and bound electromagnetic energy. The intrinsic motion of light creates, expands, and cools space; the intrinsic motion of time creates, expands, and dilutes history, and decays matter; gravity mediates between the entropic domains of space and history, creating time from space (as on earth) and vice versa (as in the stars). Entropy is the principle that allows us to use and transform energy without violating energy conservation. The intrinsic motions of light and time are metrically equivalent ÒinfiniteÓ velocities (primordial entropy drives) protecting energy conservation. (See: ÒSpatial vs Temporal EntropyÓ.)

3) Symmetry Conservation (and symmetry-breaking): NoetherÕs Theorem. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. Symmetric light produces asymmetric matter (through primordial symmetry-breaking weak force processes which separate matter from antimatter). In consequence of symmetry-breaking, matter bears charges (symmetry debts) which cause forces (forces represent the demand for payment of the symmetry debts); forces act to return matter to light, paying matterÕs symmetry debts, as required by NoetherÕs Theorem. One charge exists for each force, including gravity (ÒlocationÓ charge). The symmetry of light is conserved no less than the raw energy of light. Charge and symmetry conservation allow the transformation of energy into ÒinformationÓ Ð just as entropy allows the transformation of energy into ÒworkÓ. (See: ÒSymmetry Principles of the Unified Field TheoryÓ.)

4) Causality-Information: Law of cause and effect Ð ÒkarmaÓ, history, historic spacetime. Atoms, matter, mass. Free electromagnetic energy is transformed into bound electromagnetic energy: E = hv; E = mcc; hv = mcc (Planck; Einstein; DeBroglie). Matter is local, causal, temporal and massive, bearing charges, information, producing a gravitational field proportional to its bound energy (Gm), and moving with an intrinsic (entropic) historical motion T (time) (see: ÒThe Time TrainÓ). Light is non-local, acausal, atemporal, and massless, bearing no charges or information, producing no gravitational field, and moving with an intrinsic (entropic) spatial motion c (Òvelocity of lightÓ). History is the temporal analog of space. From information, charge, and energy, matter evolves life through time, an inevitable chemical reaction guided by the 4x3 fractal algorithm of the Cosmos (See: ÒNatureÕs Fractal PathwayÓ). The role of  charge and information is to guide the return of matter to light, and to produce life, the energy form by which the universe knows and experiences itself, and eventually fulfills its creative potential. (See: ÒThe Human ConnectionÓ.)

 

The Conservation and Invariance of Charge

     The transformation of light to matter and back again (symmetry breaking and symmetry restoration) must satisfy specific conservation regulations or principles, including - (in our case but not generally) Ð Òlife friendlyÓ physical constants (the low value of G in our cosmos would be an example), which allow (among other things) the slow return of the material system to light, providing time for the evolution of life. The extended time interval between the initiation and destruction of our universe requires compensating or ÒholdingÓ actions by the return forces which maintain the material system in a state of perpetual readiness to return to light (ready to pay or redeem upon demand the symmetry debt of light as carried by matter), and this despite being embedded in a hostile, temporal environment. Examples of  obstacles  to conservation in our material world include: an environment of relative rather than absolute motion; a metric dominated by G rather than c; massive rather than massless forms of energy; fractional rather than unitary charges (quarks); particles with differing identities (ÒflavorsÓ) (leptons, baryons) rather than ÒanonymousÓ identical particles (photons). In sum: temporal, local, causal, massive, and charged particles producing gravitational fields, relative motions, with diverse ÒflavorsÓ or identities (quarks and leptons) rather than atemporal, non-local, acausal, massless, uncharged anonymous particles producing no gravitational fields and having intrinsic absolute motion (photons).

 

     In addition to actually paying the symmetry debts represented by charge, the 4 forces of physics also conspire to maintain the invariance of charge and other conserved parameters despite the imperfections of the material environment (the Òholding actionsÓ mentioned above), and in this role are designated Òlocal gauge symmetryÓ forces. (See: ÒGlobal vs Local Gauge Symmetry and the Tetrahedron ModelÓ: Part 1.) It will be appreciated that the maintenance of charge invariance is a necessary corollary of charge conservation, and that this is not a trivial matter in our imperfect world of matter, time, gravitation, relative motion, and entropic expansion. Thus, in the electromagnetic force we find magnetism, which rises and falls with the increase or decrease of the relative motion of electrically charged particles, maintaining thereby the invariance of electric charge. The relative motion of material objects in spacetime likewise produces ÒLorentz InvarianceÓ, the co-varying effects of time and space described by EinsteinÕs Special Relativity, which operate to protect causality, velocity c, and the invariance of the ÒIntervalÓ.

 

     Time itself is an alternative form of entropy drive produced by gravity (via the annihilation of space), to compensate for matterÕs lack of intrinsic spatial motion and the loss of lightÕs non-local distributional symmetry in immobile, massive particles. Because the energy content of massive particles varies with their velocity, the relative motion of massive particles would be impossible without a time dimension to accommodate such variable energy accounts. The historical domain likewise exists to accommodate the causal relations of matter, as also necessitated by energy conservation.

 

Symmetry-Breaking

      The primordial requirement of symmetry-breaking (the escape of matter from light and annihilating particle-antiparticle pairs) followed by charge conservation has left an indelible impress upon the composition and character of the atomic system, including charge quantization, the fractional charges of the quarks, and the division of atomic matter into mass-carrying quarks (nuclear material) and charge-carrying electrons and neutrinos (hadrons vs leptons).  The three-family structure of the quark and lepton fields may be a further example.

     The neutrino is an alternative form of ÒidentityÓ charge produced by the weak force to compensate for the loss of the photonÕs symmetric ÒanonymityÓ by the individually distinguishable spectrum of massive elementary particles. (See: ÒThe Particle TableÓ.) The alternative identity charges of the neutrinos (including their ÒhandednessÓ) are crucially necessary to allow ÒBig BangÓ symmetry-breaking and the escape of the material system of quarks and electrons from the otherwise mutual destruction of annihilating matter-antimatter particle pairs. The leptonic families in general act as alternative charge carriers for the electric and identity charges of the mass-carrying quarks (or for each other) - the proton/electron pair, and the electron/electron neutrino pair are examples. (See: ÒIdentity Charge and the Weak ForceÓ.) The entire elaborate mechanism of the weak force (including the Higgs boson and the massive IVBs) is dedicated to the production of invariant, single elementary particles in any time or place - particles which can swap places (if necessary) with those created during the ÒBig BangÓ. (See: ÒThe Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBsÓ.)

     The gluon field of the strong force is required to maintain the wholeness of quantum charge units despite the fractional charges borne by quarks. (See: ÒThe Strong Force: Two ExpressionsÓ.) The quark fractional charges are in turn necessary to the initial symmetry-breaking of the primordial particle-antiparticle pairs (since they allow electrically neutral quark combinations). The asymmetric production of matter from light during the Big Bang is thought to originate with the (unexplained) asymmetric decay of leptoquark-antileptoquark pairs, resulting in a tiny residue of matter. (See: ÒMaterial Expressions of Local Gauge Symmetry: Parts 2, 3, 4Ó.) (See also: ÒThe Origin of Matter and InformationÓ.) It has been suggested that the three-family structure of the quark and lepton fields may be necessary to the primordial asymmetry between matter and antimatter. (See: Frank Close: Antimatter, 2009, Oxford Univ. Press.)

 

Charge Now Ð Pay Later

     The material system is conserved in spite of its imperfection; charge conservation and charge invariance assure that the symmetry debt of light will be paid in full, eventually, at some future time. The grandest expression of  cosmic dedication to charge and symmetry conservation is the gravitational creation of time from space, for without the time dimension charge conservation for the future payment of symmetry debts would have no meaning. Our cosmos is a Òbuy-now, pay laterÓ system of charge conservation and symmetry debts which runs on the credit card of gravity. The entropy-interest on the symmetry debt of matter is paid by gravitation; gravity creates time from space, decelerating the cosmic expansion in consequence. Hence the entropy-energy to produce matterÕs time dimension and the expansion of history is withdrawn from the expansion of space, which in turn is driven by the intrinsic (entropic) motion of light. It is therefore the expansive entropic energy of lightÕs spatial dimension which ultimately pays for the expansive entropic energy of matterÕs historical dimension, just as the raw energy of light pays for the raw energy of  mass (hv = mcc). (The recently observed ÒaccelerationÓ of the universal spatial expansion is caused by the relaxation of the global gravitational field, as mass is converted to light by various astrophysical processes Ð which may include the decay of Òdark matterÓ.) (See: ÒA Spacetime Map of the UniverseÓ.) ÒEvery jot and tittle of the law will be fulfilledÕ; and ÒNot a sparrow falls but the Father knowsÓ (an intuitive expression of the operation of conservation law, anciently recognized).

 

Causality: Time Sequence and Energy Conservation Ð Metrics and Gauges

     In the ÒTetrahedron ModelÓ we attempt to characterize reality in its most essential features Ð much as the Greeks did with their Òfour elementsÓ Ð except the present effort is in a ÒscientificÓ or rational mode. The ÒtrinityÓ of conservation laws which apply to the transformation of light (free electromagnetic energy) into matter (bound electromagnetic energy) are conventional ÒStandard ModelÓ or ÒtextbookÓ principles: 1) the Conservation of Energy (1st law of thermodynamics); 2) Entropy (2nd law of thermodynamics); 3) the Conservation of Symmetry (NoetherÕs Theorem). Our 4th and final choice is our general characterization of matter, the product of the transformation of free electromagnetic energy to a bound, atomic form. Two possibilities suggest themselves for conservation laws or principles which are uniquely associated with or characterize matter: 1) Causality (law of cause and effect Ð causes must precede effects and every effect must have a cause); and 2) Information (which also is associated with a conservation law in quantum mechanics to the effect that information cannot be destroyed) (see Leonard SusskindÕs book: The Black Hole War, 2008, Little, Brown and Co.). Of these two I have chosen causality, because causality implies information but the reverse in not true, at least to my thinking; therefore, the causal law is the stronger and more encompassing principle. Not that we can do without information Ð we must have it as a corollary of causality. We cannot have a causal law unless we also have the information which identifies both the cause and the effect (in Quantum Mechanics part of this information may be hidden or ÒunavailableÓ in ÒcomplementaryÓ dyads such as position/momentum or energy/time). Therefore, when we characterize matter with causality we will sometimes specifically append information (as Causality-Information), but we will always imply that causality carries with it the associated concept of information. Information becomes a primary conceptual principle in biological systems: biology is the information pathway whereby the Cosmos achieves self-awareness and explores its creative potential. (See: ÒThe Information PathwayÓ.)

 

Gravity and Time

Causality implies the existence of a temporal metric which orders the linear sequence of events, but this metric must be created with matter since the time dimension does not exist for non-local light. Time and place go together, and the task of creating a time dimension from matter falls to gravity. All massive energy forms must produce a gravitational field because gravity is how matter produces its time dimension. (All bound energy forms carry the gravitational ÒlocationÓ charge (Gm), which is the symmetry debt of the non-local distribution of lightÕs energy Ð a spatial distribution symmetry obviously broken by immobile matter. LightÕs non-local symmetric energy state is gauged by ÒcÓ, and matterÕs gravitational ÒlocationÓ charge is gauged by ÒGÓ.)  Gravity produces time by the annihilation of space and the extraction of a metrically equivalent temporal residue. Time itself is the active principle of the gravitational ÒlocationÓ charge. (See: ÒThe Conversion of Space to TimeÓ.)

 

     Time is necessary for bound energy for numerous reasons of energy conservation. The energy content of matter varies with its relative motion and this requires a time dimension for accounting purposes. Causality also is required by energy conservation: causes must precede effects or there will be no source of energy to produce the effect. The time dimension of bound energy is also the entropy drive of bound energy Ð converted by gravity from the entropy drive of free energy (the intrinsic motion of light). The intrinsic motion of matterÕs time dimension is the entropy drive of matter and expansive history, the gravitationally converted and conserved intrinsic motion of light (the entropy drive of expansive space). Gravity is the force which mediates between these two universal, primordial entropy drives, one spatial for free electromagnetic energy, and one temporal for bound electromagnetic energy. (See: ÒA Description of GravitationÓ.) Gravity is weak because it creates only enough time to satisfy the entropic drive of matterÕs ephemeral Òpresent momentÓ Ð not matterÕs associated historical domain. (See: ÒProton Decay and the Heat Death of the CosmosÓ.)

 

     The gravitational, temporal metric of matter is superimposed upon the spatial metric of light, producing a composite metric of spacetime which governs our compound world of light and matter. (The ÒmetricÓ is the measured relationship between the spatial and temporal dimensions. In our electromagnetic system of spacetime, as gauged (regulated) by Òvelocity cÓ, one second of temporal duration is metrically equivalent to 300,000 kilometers of distance.) The spatial universe expands more slowly due to the presence of matter and its associated gravitational field Ð historic spacetime expands more slowly than pure space, while a gravitational version of ÒLorentz InvarianceÓ protects the local value of velocity c, causality, and the ÒIntervalÓ. Clocks run slow and meter sticks shrink in a gravitational field; there is also a gravitational Doppler effect. However, in free fall or orbit, clocks and meter sticks are unaffected. Measurements of velocity c at any given location within a gravitational field (or elsewhere) always give the same invariant value, because local clocks and meter sticks are affected in such a (covariant) way as to maintain the invariance of c and safeguard the ÒIntervalÓ and the principle of causality (and hence also energy conservation). There can only be a single metric and hence a single value of c (the metric gauge) at a single location in spacetime. Comparative ÒverticalÓ measurements, however, (higher and lower in the gravitational field) will reveal differences in the metric scale, due to the varying strength of the gravitational field. The gravitational flow can be thought of as a response by spacetime to this ÒwarpedÓ metric in the direction of ÒcheaperÓ energy (due to the slower clock).  From another perspective that amounts to the same thing, I prefer to think of the gravitational flow as caused or induced by the intrinsic motion of time: a gravitational field is the spatial consequence of the intrinsic motion of time. (See: ÒThe Conversion of Space to TimeÓ.)

     In weak fields (as on planet Earth), gravity only pays the entropy "interest" on the symmetry debt carried by matter, converting space to time, providing an alternative entropic dimension in which charge conservation can be expressed (entropy debts, like energy debts, must always be paid immediately). In stronger fields, gravity also pays the "principal" of matter's symmetry debt, converting mass to light, as in our Sun (partially), and in Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes (completely) (symmetry debts can be paid at any future time Ð unlike energy or entropy debts). The second reaction reverses the effect of the first. (See: ÒGravity, Entropy, and ThermodynamicsÓ.) (See also: ÒExtending EinsteinÕs Equivalence PrincipleÓ.)

 

Summary

     Many if not most of the known characteristics of the forces can be derived from the various conservation and other requirements which must be met by any universal material system which successfully manifests (can break symmetry initially, but nevertheless observes conservation and eventually returns to its origin). The ultimate unity of the forces subsists in the fact that matter is a bound state of transformed and conserved light, and all matterÕs charges Ð and hence their associated forces Ð are symmetry debts of light awaiting payment through time. Understanding the nature of the symmetry debt of each charge and how it may be repaid is a major step toward comprehending the Unified Field Theory. (See: ÒSymmetry Principles of the Unified Field TheoryÓ; see also: ÒCurrents of Symmetry and EntropyÓ; see also: ÒThe Tetrahedrom Model in the Context of a Complete Conservation CycleÓ.)

 

     The Unified field Theory can be approached or modeled in many ways. Below I list a ÒcascadeÓ of effects beginning with the birth of the universe in the ÒBig BangÓ and continuing to the eventual repayment of all symmetry and entropy debts by the actions of the four forces (matter-antimatter annihilation, proton decay, and HawkingÕs Òquantum radianceÓ of black holes). (See: ÒTable of the Higgs CascadeÓ; and ÒThe Higgs Boson and the Weak Force IVBsÓ.)

1) ÒLife-friendlyÓ physical constants (c, G, e, h, etc.) Ð acquired from the Multiverse as a random sample of infinite possibilities (ÒAnthropic PrincipleÓ). Requirement of zero net energy and charge and complete conservation capability in order to manifest. (Seen as matter-antimatter particle pairs and free vs bound electromagnetic energy (hv = mcc)). Negative energy supplied by gravitation and antimatter (in particle-antiparticle pairs). MatterÕs negative gravitational energy is equal to its positive rest-mass energy.

2) Requirement for symmetry-breaking of primordial particle-antiparticle pairs. Seen as fractional charges of quarks (to provide electrically neutral nuclear combinations), and as alternative charge carriers to circumvent antimatter charge partners. (Leptons, ÒhandedÓ neutrinos; the proton/electron combination, etc.). Seen also as the weak force asymmetry in decays of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark pairs (producing a net residue of matter). Perhaps seen also in the three-family structure of elementary particle fields thought necessary to produce the primordial matter-antimatter asymmetry. (See: ÒThe Origin of Matter and InformationÓ.)

3) Requirement to conserve the raw energy, symmetry, and entropy of light in matter (seen as mass, charge, time). NoetherÕs Theorem. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. Symmetry debts may be held in time for future payment (charge conservation); energy and entropy debts must be paid immediately (mass/momentum/time equivalent energy and dimensionality). Gravity is both a symmetry and an entropy debt of light, creating matterÕs time dimension by the annihilation of space (hence conserving lightÕs entropy drive), and conserving lightÕs symmetry by the conversion of bound to free energy (many astrophysical processes).

4) Requirement to maintain charge invariance and protect the original value of symmetry debts (through time, despite entropy and relative motion). Seen in Quantum Mechanics as quantized, conserved, invariant charges which allow exact replication and hence conservation (via the principle of charge conservation). Weak force production of single, invariant elementary particles via massive IVBs (Intermediate Vector Bosons) which recreate ÒBig BangÓ force unity symmetry states (all electrons (and any other elementary particles) must be identical to all others of their kind, including those created eons ago in the ÒBig BangÓ). Elementary particles are always created from particle-antiparticle pairs, which exist as potential forms of bound electromagnetic energy in the ÒvacuumÓ or spacetime metric Ð this is the necessary basis of their uniformity. Whereas the electromagnetic force only creates particle-antiparticle pairs, the weak force only creates single particles, which is why it must reproduce the initial environmental conditions of the Big Bang via the Higgs boson (scalar) and the massive IVBs (transformation mechanism). Other Òlocal gauge symmetryÓ forces (ÒholdingÓ forces) include: time and magnetism (energy and charge conservation for relative motion); quark confinement to whole quantum unit charges; ÒLorentz InvarianceÓ for massive objects in relative motion and in gravitational fields (clocks run slow and meter sticks shrink Ð protecting causality, velocity c, and the ÒIntervalÓ). (See: ÒLocal vs Global Gauge Symmetry in the Tetrahedron Model: Part 1Ó; and Material Effects of Local Gauge Symmetry: Parts 2, 3, 4Ó.)

5) Evolutionary and life forces Ð information and fractal algorithm; origin of life via universal 4x3 fractal algorithm; purpose of life: the universe becomes self-aware and explores itself, including its creative potential, which expands through life, evolution, and humanity. (See: ÒDarwin, Newton, and the Origin of LifeÓ.)

6) Requirement to pay symmetry debts Ð the four forces are demands for payment of matterÕs symmetry debts. Matter-antimatter annihilation; fusion/fission; proton decay; HawkingÕs Òquantum radianceÓ. The Sun is a local, partial example of this spontaneous process. Gravity creates time from space and vice versa (in the conversion of mass to light); gravity is a symmetry and an entropy debt of lightÕs non-local symmetric energy state. (The intrinsic motion of light (entropy drive) and the Ònon-localÓ distributional symmetry of light are both gauged (regulated) by Òvelocity cÓ. Light has no spacetime location; lightÕs ÒIntervalÓ = zero). GravityÕs ÒlocationÓ charge (of which time is the active principle) conserves both lightÕs entropy drive and lightÕs non-local distributional symmetry: lightÕs entropy drive is conserved immediately (as time), and lightÕs non-local distributional symmetry is conserved eventually (through the conversion of mass to light in stars and via HawkingÕs Òquantum radianceÓ of black holes). (See: ÒThe Double Conservation Role of GravityÓ.) The dimensions of spacetime are conservation domains for free and bound electromagnetic energy, produced by the intrinsic (entropic) motions of light, time, and gravity. Time is gravityÕs gift to matter and the Universe. Gravity is matterÕs memory it once was light.

 

Symmetry Debts of the 4 Forces (and repayment modes)

Light creates matter which bears charges. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light. Charges produce forces which are demands for payment of the symmetry debt.

(See: "Table of the 4 Forces" (short form)) (See: ÒTable of the Four ForcesÓ (long form)) (See: "A Periodic Table of the Four Forces and the Unified Field Theory")

 

1) Electromagnetic Force: Electric Charge. Photons. The symmetry debt of "absent antimatter" (the "Great Asymmetry") - the broken matter-antimatter symmetry of the primordial universe giving rise to our "matter-only" cosmos. Associated with this "matter-only" asymmetry are many others, notably including the dimensional asymmetry of time:  the 2-D symmetric dimensionality of light vs 4-D asymmetric dimensionality (time) of matter. Light is a two-dimensional transverse wave. Repayment of the "absent antimatter" symmetry debt is via  exothermic chemical reactions (partly) and matter-antimatter annihilations (completely). Matter and antimatter will always annihilate each other given any opportunity, and matter forever seeks antimatter via the long-range electric force. (Suppression of  the time dimension, and suppression of the spontaneous manifestation of matter via annihilation of ÒvirtualÓ particle-antiparticle pairs.) (ÒVelocity cÓ is the universal gauge of electromagnetic energy regulating the spatial metric, the entropy drive of light, the non-local distributional symmetry of lightÕs energy, the ÒIntervalÓ, causality, the equivalence of free and bound electromagnetic energy, the value of electric charge, etc.)

2) Strong Force: Color Charge. Gluons. Fractional vs whole quantum charge units. Quark fractional charges vs leptonic (elementary) whole unit charges. Quark confinement (to whole charge units) via the gluon field. Repayment via the nucleosynthetic pathway (fusion) and proton decay. (Suppression of free-roaming fractional charges which could not be annihilated or otherwise balanced by the whole charge units of  leptonic alternative charge carriers.)

3) Weak force: ÒIdentityÓ Charge (AKA ÒflavorÓ or ÒnumberÓ charge). Distinguishable identity of elementary massive leptonic particles (including leptoquarks) vs anonymity of massless identical photons. (Neutrinos are ÒbareÓ identity charges.) Repayment via radioactivity (fission), particle and proton decay, and via contributions to the nucleosynthetic pathway. Initial creation of matter in ÒBig BangÓ; subsequent creation of  (single) invariant elementary particles; weak ÒidentityÓ charge indicates appropriate antimatter partners for swift annihilation reactions (left vs right-handed neutrinos and ÒnumberÓ charges). (Suppression of non-conservable or non-uniform elementary particles and reactions; distinguishes matter vs antimatter via neutrino ÒhandednessÓ.)

4) Gravitational Force: ÒLocationÓ Charge. Non-local (ÒglobalÓ) distributional symmetry of photonÕs energy (due to intrinsic spatial motion c) vs asymmetric (ÒlocalÓ) distribution of mass energy in particles (which lack any intrinsic spatial motion). Due to the lack of a time dimension and a spatial dimension (in the direction of propagation), the photon has forever to go nowhere. Furthermore, due to the lack of two dimensions, the photonÕs location in either 3 or 4 dimensions cannot be specified (light is a 2-dimensional transverse wave; lightÕs intrinsic motion Òsweeps outÓ a 3rd spatial dimension). The photonÕs energy (in its own reference frame) is therefore distributed symmetrically everywhere simultaneously in space. Massive particles break this symmetry because they lack intrinsic spatial motion of any kind and their location in space and spacetime can therefore be specified Ð breaking the distributional symmetry of the photonÕs energy and giving rise to the gravitational ÒlocationÓ charge carried by every massive particle and energy form (Gm). (The active principle of the gravitational charge is time.) (See: ÒSymmetry Principles of the Unified Field Theory: Part 1 and Part 2Ó.) Repayment via the gravitational conversion of mass to light as in the stars, supernovas, and quasars (partially), and via HawkingÕs Òquantum radianceÓ of black holes (completely). (Suppression of ÒwormholesÓ, causality violations, and connections to other universes - via the Òevent horizonÓ and the central ÒsingularityÓ of black holes.)

 

     The four forces can be related (in a general sense and with some overlap) to the four conservation principles of the ÒTetrahedron ModelÓ as follows:

1) Energy Conservation Ð light, free electromagnetic energy: Electromagnetic Force;

2) Entropy Ð c, G, T (intrinsic motions of light, gravity, time Ð space, spacetime, history): Gravitational Force;

3) Symmetry Conservation Ð charge, charge conservation, and symmetry-breaking: Weak Force;

4) Causality-Information Ð nuclear matter, mass, bound electromagnetic energy: Strong Force.

 

     The four forces help the system manifest through the Higgs Cascade in the form of Òunified-force symmetric energy statesÓ which provide stages, stepping stones, or energy plateaus (symmetry domains) in which precisely replicable transformations (from greater to lesser unified-force symmetry states) can occur, allowing the next lower symmetric force domain to manifest in a reproducible, conservable form (four stages: TOE (all forces unified; fermions and bosons unified); GUT (strong and electroweak forces unified; quarks and leptons unified); EW (electroweak unification; quark families unified; lepton families unified); EM (electromagnetic ground state; electric and magnetic forces unified). (See: ÒTable of the Higgs CascadeÓ.) Once the ground state is reached, the same four forces begin the slow but sure process of symmetry debt payment, as outlined above. While this restoration of symmetry is going on, there is plenty of time and energy available for the evolution of life and the self-awareness and self-exploration of the cosmos, including new creative modes. The same information (charge) that conserves and restores symmetry is used to create life, following the 4x3 fractal information pathway. Human spirituality (including ethics) and creativity (including aesthetics) are our most highly evolved capacities; human appetites and destructiveness our least. (See: ÒThe Fractal Organization of NatureÓ.)

 

     Finally, we ask why the universe bothers to exist at all? Speaking philosophically, itÕs just that existence is so much more interesting than non-existence. The ÒTrinityÓ gets bored of its own perfection. And with so much creative energy in play, spontaneous symmetry-breaking from the Multiverse is bound to occur (Òeternal inflation?Ó). We are the means whereby the universe experiences and looks at itself; it is therefore no wonder that we often see an image of ourselves looking back.

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