POSTSCRIPT:
The 4 asymmetries associated with the charges of the "4
forces of physics": are:
1)
Electric Charge - the asymmetry of our
"matter-only" universe. The antimatter
which should exist to balance the electric charges of matter was
all annihilated during the "Big Bang". Long-range electric
charges are fundamentally intended to allow particles of matter
and antimatter to find each other in space and annihilate,
restoring the symmetry state of the light which created them.
Light is the field vector of electric charge, in this case
protecting its own symmetric energy state.
2)
Color Charge (
Gell-Mann strong
force) - the asymmetry of fractional charges. Color
charges permanently confine quarks to whole quantum units of
charge, preventing fractional charges (of several kinds) from
making charge conservation impossible. Color charge is a
short-range force which grows stronger as the quarks (within a
baryon) separate from one another, increasing the threat to
whole-charge unity, but relaxing as those quarks come together,
reducing the threat to unitary quantum charge and hence charge
conservation. This is just the behavior we would expect if an
elementary lepton were somehow fractured into three parts, but
required to maintain a facade of whole quantum unit charge to
the outside world. This is in fact what happened to the
"leptoquarks" during the earliest moments of the "Big Bang".
This charge is peculiar to baryons/mesons, is carried by
"gluons", and does not affect the larger world beyond quarks. A
secondary form of the strong force binds protons and neutrons in
compound atomic nuclei and is carried by mesons (
Yukawa strong force). The Yukawa strong
force, which is based on a "least energy" principle of
configuration binding, can be broken by supplying sufficient
energy; the Gell-Mann strong force, which is based instead upon
the symmetry principle of whole quantum unit charge
conservation, cannot be broken.
3)
Identity Charge (weak force) - the asymmetry of
identity vs the anonymity of photons. All photons are alike, but
elementary particles can be distinguished from photons and
between leptonic species (electron, muon, tau, leptoquark,
antiparticles, and neutrinos). The massive leptons carry
"hidden"
identity charges which are
always balanced by (nearly massless) neutrinos/antineutrinos.
Neutrinos are the explicit, "bare", free form of identity
charge, balancing the "hidden" charges of the massive leptons.
Neutrino mass is still unknown, but may be as little as
one-millionth that of an electron. The mass of leptoquark
neutrinos, however, which balance the hidden charges of baryons
(protons, neutrons, etc.), may be quite large, and are suspected
as the source of the mysterious "dark matter". Identity
charge is necessary to enable
conservation/replication/annihilation/recognition of elementary
particles. "Identity" is the most fundamental charge of the
weak force information field leading to
the Periodic Table of the Elements.
4)
Gravitational Charge (
"location"
charge - gravity) - the asymmetry of undistributed
mass-energy vs the symmetry of photon energy distributed
everywhere in space simultaneously. Gravity involves both a
symmetry debt (concentrations of mass energy) and an entropy
debt, or defect/deficit. It is this combination, in addition to
its extreme weakness, that makes the long-range gravitational
force so difficult to understand.
First, the symmetry debt: When massive particles are created in
a light-filled space (as during the "Big Bang"), they break a
fundamental spatial/energetic symmetry:
1) All points (locations) in a light-filled space are
equivalent, there is nothing to distinguish one location from
another. This symmetry is obviously broken by the intrusion of a
massive immobile particle, whose whereabouts can be
distinguished from all other locations in the vacuum of space,
even if that "vacuum" is filled with photons. Furthermore, the
energy of photons is distributed equitably throughout the
spatial domain, due to intrinsic motion "c", which vanishes the
time dimension and the spatial dimension in the direction of
motion (length or distance). Hence the photon has forever to go
nowhere, the basis of its "infinite" motion/speed and hence the
even distribution of its energy everywhere, simultaneously.
Obviously, this symmetry of energy distribution is broken badly
by the non-moving, massive particle whose energy content (e=mcc)
is concentrated in a single location.
It is indeed interesting to see how spacetime itself reacts to
this broken symmetry, as the gravitational field, from all other
locations in space, points directly to the center of mass of the
offending particle, in effect shouting: "Here it is - the
asymmetry in our midst!" As if this were not enough to get your
attention, the gravitational field will actually carry you
bodily to the particle and "rub your nose in it". The reason why
is that gravity is urging you to pay the symmetry debt, and if
you were an appropriate particle of antimatter, you would indeed
annihilate with your antipartner, return to all-symmetric light,
and the symmetry debt would be paid and the offending particle
with its undistributed concentration of mass-energy would
vanish. From this we see that gravity acts as a "fail-safe"
backup symmetry-keeping system, in case electric charge - the
primary symmetry-keeping system - should for some reason fail to
do its job.
However, since all the antimatter was annihilated during the
"Big Bang", gravity cannot perform its "fail-safe" mission, at
least not right away. Gravity will get the job done in the end,
but it will require time and
Hawking's "quantum radiance" of black holes. The great thing
about symmetry debts is they may be repaid on any schedule, so
long as their permanence is guaranteed by the law of charge
conservation, and there
exists a time
dimension in which these debts can be held or "stored".
The gravity we feel on our planet is a case in point: weak
planetary gravity is simply paying the "interest" on matter's
symmetry debt, creating a time dimension in which the debt can
be held until it will be "retired" or paid in full (as by
annihilation with antimatter). In stars, strong gravity actually
"pays down" the mass principal of the symmetry debt by
converting
bound to free energy, that
is, mass to light. In this latter case, both symmetry and
entropy debts are "paid down" simultaneously.
2) The entropy debt/defect of mass and gravity:
Space filled with photons (such as existed after the "Big Bang")
is expanding at "velocity c" due to the intrinsic, entropic
motion of light (photons).
A massive particle, however, has no intrinsic spatial motion and
hence cannot participate in the expanding and cooling entropic
spatial conservation domain of light. Entropy, however is not an
optional function of energy, it is the bedrock of energy
conservation. Space is expanding due to the intrinsic (entropic)
motion of the photons because entropy demands that it do so.
Photons cannot help moving and expanding because that
"intrinsic" (entropic) motion is built into them, part and
parcel of their energy endowment. The conservation function of
entropy is to prevent the same energy from being used twice to
do the same work (forbidding the "perpetual motion machine").
Somehow, this entropy defect of the non-moving massive particle
must be rectified - the particle must be given an entropy domain
which is the equivalent of the photon's expanding space. Nature
gives the massive particle an entropy domain by providing it (at
birth) with a time charge/dimension, a one-way moving dimension
which creates history, the temporal analog of space, and an
entropic domain for non-moving massive particles, the equivalent
of space for photons. Hence we have space as an entropic
conservation domain for free forms of electromagnetic (EM)
energy, and history as an entropic conservation domain for bound
forms of EM energy. Spacetime (created by gravity) functions as
a combined entropic conservation domain for both free and bound
forms of EM energy.
Massive particles are born (created) as 4-dimensional particles,
because they are born with a time charge (gravitational
"location charge"), which accommodates their need for an entropy
domain. The intrinsic historic motion of the time charge, which
is the analog of the intrinsic spatial motion of the photon,
creates an historic entropic conservation domain for the massive
particle, the analog of the photon's spatial entropic
conservation domain, in which massive particles can age and
decay and otherwise suffer the enervating attrition of time.
Photons are two-dimensional, with their "intrinsic" (entropic)
motion ("velocity c") creating a 3-dimensional spatial
conservation domain; similarly, massive particles are three
dimensional, with their "intrinsic" (entropic) motion ("velocity
T") creating a 4-dimensional historic conservation domain. The
one-way intrinsic motion of time (which is required by
causality, energy conservation, and entropy) is at right angles
to all three spatial dimensions, into the historical realm, and
is the reason why time can function as a "location" charge in
space. The intrinsic motion of time pulls space along with it,
creating the spacetime flow of a gravitational field.
A
gravitational field is the spatial consequence of the
intrinsic motion of time. Because space cannot enter the
one-dimensional historical time line, space self-annihilates at
the gravitational center of mass, revealing a metrically
equivalent temporal component, which immediately travels into
history, pulling more space behind it, etc., forever. Time and
gravity induce each other, somewhat as electric and magnetic
fields induce each other. The active principle of gravity's
"location" charge is time itself. (See: "
A
Description of Gravity".)
We have to ask what is gravity
driving at? What will satisfy it? What will make it
vanish? When is the gravitational charge ("location") cancelled,
the gravitational symmetry debt repaid? In the case of electric
charge, we know the answers to these questions, and they must be
similar in the case of gravity, on the assumption that all
charges are symmetry debts. Electric charge seeks antimatter,
seeks anticharge, seeks annihilation to fully repay its symmetry
debt and vanish. Antimatter will satisfy the gravitational
symmetry debt too, but it is in short supply due to the Big Bang
annihilation asymmetry. Lacking antimatter, gravity remains
unsatisfied, persisting in its apparently insatiable quest to
consume more and more matter. The first success (in terms of
symmetry conservation, or debt repayment) of this search is with
stars, when enough matter and gravitational force are
concentrated in one place to induce nuclear fusion and convert
some mass to light, partially repaying the gravitational
symmetry debt ("location charge") because light, having
intrinsic motion "c" (unlike immobile matter), is symmetrically
distributed throughout its entropic spatial domain (
simultaneously everywhere). The
progression goes from stars to supernovas to white dwarves, to
neutron stars, and finally ends at black holes. All condensed
matter stages before the black hole are partial - always the
baryons remain, due to the stubborn conservation of "baryon
number". But the black hole solves even this hard nut (this is
just why black holes are required), for with "
proton decay" taking place at the central
singularity, the black hole is filled with nothing but
light (note that light inside a black hole is bound energy with
a specific location and so in this case (as in atoms) produces a
gravitational field). "Hawking Radiation" finishes the job,
completely evaporating the black hole, mass, and gravitational
field alike, converting them to free light in complete
satisfaction of Noether's Theorem and repayment of the
gravitational "location" symmetry debt and charge.
As gravity increases its grip, there is a steady progression of
condensed matter states, gradually replacing the electromagnetic
entropy domain of space and light with the gravitational entropy
domain of time and matter. Gravity takes over all the functions
of the other forces, replacing their field vectors with its own.
First the electron shell is collapsed in the white dwarf, then
the electrons are crushed into protons forming a neutron star,
finally the black hole condition is reached, the final triumph
of the gravitational entropy domain of matter and time over the
electromagnetic spatial entropy domain of space and light. The
triumph is this: in the black hole, light stands still and
matter moves with "intrinsic" (gravitational) "velocity c" - the
exact reverse of the electromagnetic entropy domain. Matter and
antimatter are reunited again via the mechanism of "Hawking
Radiation" and the gravitational symmetry debt is repaid via
matter-antimatter annihilation. The black hole condition is what
gravity is driving at, because only through the black hole can
baryons be destroyed, either by "proton decay" at the central
singularity, or by "Hawking Radiation" (matter-antimatter
annihilation) at the event horizon. The black hole is black
because the gravitational temporal metric has completely
replaced the electromagnetic spatial metric. Only then is
gravity "satisfied" and its symmetry debt fully repaid. See: "
Nodes of the Gravimetric Series".
However, even the black hole keeps producing gravity, and why
not? It still represents a huge concentration of undistributed,
immobile mass-energy (as seen from the "outside"), even though
(as seen from the "inside") that debt has been paid via the
establishment of the 100% gravitational metric and the vanishing
of the electromagnet metric - clocks stop, meter sticks shrink
to nothing, photons stop while massive particles move with
intrinsic motion "c" (because g = c at the event horizon), etc.
So is the debt paid or not? Looking from the "outside", no;
looking from the "inside", yes. The problem is really just the
"slow pay" of the black hole - it takes practically forever for
a large black hole to "pay up", even though the "deal is signed
and sealed". So until such time as the "deal is actually
delivered" (the debt is really retired from the perspective of
the outside observer and universe - via Hawking Radiation), the
black hole will continue to produce a gravitational field. Even
so, because time stops at the event horizon, Hawking Radiation
is not slow at all
in the reference frame of the black hole,
but actually appears to be an instantaneous matter-antimatter
explosion. Finally, it turns out that the "slow pay" of black
holes has a beneficial effect in terms of symmetry-conservation
for the "outside" universe: during matter's "death spiral" into
a black hole, as much as 40% of its mass can be converted to
light, a rate of conversion far higher than for any other
astrophysical process (other than matter-antimatter annihilation
itself).